Chalgrove's name derives from Old English "cealc-graf" or "cealc-grafu," meaning "chalk or limestone pit," reflecting the local geology that characterises this part of South Oxfordshire. The village sits on chalk and limestone bedrock, which influences both the landscape and the construction of its historic buildings. The presence of these geological features has shaped local building traditions, with many period properties constructed using traditional materials suited to the chalky soil conditions.
The village has a rich heritage, with numerous listed buildings including the Grade I listed Church of St Mary and The Manor on Mill Lane, which dates from approximately 1450. The Great Barn, a Grade II listed structure from 1650, exemplifies the timber-framed construction methods prevalent in the area's historic buildings. These heritage assets contribute significantly to Chalgrove's character and attract buyers seeking authentic English village life.
Flood risk is a notable consideration for properties in Chalgrove. The village has experienced regular flooding from the Chalgrove Brook, Mill Lane Brook, and River Thame, with significant events recorded in 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, and February 2014. The 2014 flood caused extensive damage to properties along Mill Lane and the High Street, extending to Marley Lane, Fleming Avenue, and Chapel Lane. Flood alleviation works, including a 520m relief channel at Langley Field Farm, were completed in 2021 to protect homes, though long-term flood risk remains a factor for buyers to consider.
The 2021 Census recorded a parish population of 2,807 residents, with estimates suggesting growth to approximately 3,099 by 2024. The village supports a working population with diverse occupations, including professionals commuting to Oxford approximately 10 miles away, skilled tradespeople, and those employed in local businesses. Local amenities include a post office, GP practice, shops, and public houses, providing daily necessities within the village centre. The demographics show a balanced mix of families, professionals, and retirees, creating a stable and thriving community.